What does maturation refer to in developmental psychology?

Maturation in developmental psychology primarily refers to the natural process of physical and mental growth that occurs as an individual ages, and it is largely independent of external factors. This concept underscores the biological and genetic influences on development, contrasting with learning, which is shaped significantly by experiences and environmental interactions.

Maturation encompasses the stages of development that follow a predictable pattern influenced by an individual's genetic makeup. For instance, certain developmental milestones, such as walking or talking, typically occur at specific ages regardless of external teaching methods or environmental conditions. This innate progression highlights how maturation occurs through predetermined biological timelines and not through direct teaching or cultural influence.

In contrast, learning through social interactions, changes in mental capabilities, or social development shaped by cultural norms underscore the importance of external factors, experiences, and environment in development, making them distinct from the concept of maturation. Thus, maturation is uniquely characterized by its focus on inherent developmental processes that unfold as one grows, independent of external influences.