According to social-exchange theory, interactions between individuals are viewed as what?

Social-exchange theory posits that social behavior is the result of an exchange process, where individuals aim to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs in their interactions. This theory views relationships as a series of transactions, where individuals assess the potential rewards and costs of any given interaction. Rewards can include emotional support, companionship, or material benefits, while costs might involve time, effort, or emotional strain.

In this framework, people are rational actors who evaluate the value of their relationships based on the balance of these rewards and costs. Therefore, if the perceived rewards outweigh the costs, individuals are more likely to continue the interaction or relationship. Conversely, if the costs appear to outweigh the rewards, they may seek to withdraw or alter the nature of the interaction. This approach emphasizes a pragmatic and calculative understanding of human relationships, rather than focusing solely on conflicts, emotions, or dismissing certain interactions as irrelevant.